ADDIE

=ADDIE =

Overview
(From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * ADDIE**

(From http://www.umich.edu/~ed626/Dick_Carey/dc.html)
 * Dick & Carey**

ADDIE v. Dick & Carey
Body Text

Analysis under the ADDIE model encapsulates the following concepts: (From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * Analysis**
 * Analyze system (department, job, etc.) to gain a complete understanding of it.
 * Compile a task inventory of all tasks associated with each job (if needed).
 * Select tasks that need to be trained (needs analysis).
 * Build performance measures for the tasks to be trained.
 * Choose instructional setting for the tasks to be trained, e.g. classroom, on-the-job, self study, etc.
 * Estimate what is going to cost to train the tasks.

The Dick & Carey Model (hereafter, DCM) has several parallel steps within the ADDIE phase, including:
 * Identifying Instructional Goals
 * Conduct Instructional Analysis
 * Identify Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics

Overall, the ADDIE model and DCM have much in common during this phase. Both scopes include pure analysis of the product to be created within the context of the learning environment and necessary task orientation. The DCM supersedes the ADDIE model in the area of Entry Behaviors, choosing to lump this behavior with the initial analysis phase, instead of delaying until the Design phase.

Design within the ADDIE model includes the following stages: (From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * Design**
 * Develop the learning objectives for each task, to include both terminal and enabling objectives.
 * Identify and list the learning steps required to perform the task.
 * Develop the performance tests to show mastery of the tasks to be trained, e.g. written, hands on, etc.
 * List the entry behaviors that the learner must demonstrate prior to training.
 * Sequence and structure the learning objectives, e.g. easy tasks first.

The DCM has a couple of parallel steps within the ADDIE phase, including:
 * Write Performance Objectives
 * Develop Criterion-Referenced Test Items

Within this phase, the ADDIE model and DCM both address the overall concept of learning objectives, defining them using the information gathered in the previous stage(s). The ADDIE model relies on the learning objective development to drive the entry behaviors, whereas the DCM defines the entry behaviors in the previous stage. Apart from this difference in sequencing, the two models share much in common in this stage.

Development in the ADDIE model includes the following attributes: (From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * Development**
 * List activities that will help the students learn the task.
 * Select the delivery method such as tapes, handouts, etc.
 * Review existing material so that you do not reinvent the wheel.
 * Develop the instructional courseware.
 * Synthesize the courseware into a viable training program.
 * Validate the instruction to ensure it accomplishes all goals and objectives.

The DCM implements the development phase within the following two stages:
 * Develop Instructional Strategy
 * Develop and Select Instructional Material

Both models utilize this segment of the process for primary development of final materials. Some of the initial tasks within the ADDIE model, including task-based activities, are covered within the previous stage, or represents some overlap with the Criterion-References Test Items task within the DCM. The DCM validates the training activities against the learning objectives prior to developing the materials, where the ADDIE model validates the objectives after the fact. Once again, the models share core concepts in common, in this case the development of final training materials, but varies slightly in emphasis and ordering.

Implementation includes the following areas in the ADDIE model: (From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * Implementation**
 * Create a management plan for conducting the training.
 * Conduct the training.

The DCM does not define an implementation stage. Rather, it utilizes the Informative Evaluation stage to test the training in a "pilot" setting, then allows for necessary modifications and final implementation. Within the ADDIE model, need for revision and modifications is implicit, but the formalized evaluation prior to rollout is helpful to ensure the validity of training materials prior to production.

Evaluation is completed in the ADDIE model through the following areas: (From http://www.dennistester.com/addie.htm)
 * Evaluation**
 * Review and evaluate each phase (analyze, design, develop, implement) to ensure it is accomplishing what it is supposed to.
 * Perform external evaluations, e.g. observe that the tasks that were trained can actually be performed by the learner on the job.
 * Revise training system to make it better.

The DCM includes two stages of evaluation:
 * Develop and Conduct Informative Evaluation
 * Develop and Conduct Summative Evaluation

The evaluation stage is one of the most important in any process, since it allows the instructional designer to self-reflect on the validity and relative strengths/weaknesses of the training program. The evaluation outlined in the ADDIE model is generic, allowing noted changes to be made in the next rotation of the cycle. The DCM, however, allows for two stages of evaluation, the informative evaluation and the summative evaluation. The informative evaluation is performed when the final instructional materials are ready for production. The materials are used within a microcosm of the final training environment, and evaluated for validity and effectiveness. At the end of this evaluation period, any final modifications can be made to the training materials prior to production. The summative evaluation takes place over a short or long period of time to evaluate the success of the training within the final, intended environment.

Reference
The ADDIE Instructional Design Model. 10 September 2008. . Brown, A. & Green, T.D. (2006). The Essentials of Instructional Design: Connecting Fundamental Principles with Process and Practice. Upper Saddle River: NJ: Pearson. Lee, Hee-Sun and Lee, Soo-Young. Dick & Carey Model. 10 September 2008. .